Do People Understand The Harmful Effects Of Performance

Introduction 1. Attention Step: Terrance Engles, a professional baseball player for the Seattle Mariners, went through a lot due to his addiction to prescription drugs. It all went downhill when he started having back issues. When the prescription drugs told him to take two pills he would take four and when it said every hour he took the pills every half hour. Engles felt the pressure of not being able to play to the best of his ability so he turned to drugs that were originally supposed to help him in the first place. He didn’t know how to deal with the pressures he faced in his baseball career and felt he couldn’t live up to his expectations. It came down to the point where he became sick when not taking the drugs. Ultimately his family kicked him out and he later realized he needed help so he checked himself into a hospital. 2. Techniques: Do people understand the harmful effects of performance enhancers like steroids, stimulants, relaxants, diuretics, and painkillers have on athletes? Body 1. Need step: Performance enhancers of any kind can be a detriment not only to an athlete’s health, but also to their careers. HEALTH- Athletes start to question their credibility and ability to perform, which leads them to pursue paths they wouldn’t otherwise pursue. There are negative, long-term effects that come along with taking performance enhancers such as: growth effects, undesirable gender effects, dehydration, cardiovascular effects, emotional effects and effects on theShow MoreRelatedArguments on Spanking Essay505 Words   |  3 PagesThree reasons why people do not believe in spanking are spanking can cause harmful side effects, spanking is no more effective than other punishments, and spanking promotes violence in children. Some harmful side effects that could possibly be caused by spanking are children suffering from depression, being inferior in their school performance, or having problems later on in life. It is impossible to see side effects because they are not usually revealed immediately. People also believe that spankingRead MoreNegative Effects Of Divorce1475 Words   |  6 Pag esoccurs after a husband and wife decide not to live together anymore and they do not want to marry one another. They agree to sign legal documents that allow them to marry other people if they so wish. Divorce is a problem that is increasing every year. It also affects our society, which most countries face. Divorce causes many negative effects, some of them are short term and less harmful, but another could be very harmful and cause serious health problems. It should be noted that the marital problemsRead MoreAre Violent Video Games Are Harmful To Children And Adolescents?1729 Words   |  7 Pagesviolent video games are harmful to the rising generations. The article that was selected to be critiqued is, â€Å"Are Violent Video Games Harmful to Children and Adolescents?†. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and critique the research methods and conclusions included by the author of the article. Summary Author, Steven F. Gruel, argues that there is an overwhelming amount of science and research that supports the claim that video games that are violent are indeed harmful to human developmentRead MoreStress is Necessary Essay615 Words   |  3 Pagesand effect. That’s the nature of life. In our modern life we start to hear the world (stress) a lot. When I asked my grandpa about it, his expression was blank as if he didn’t know what I’m talking about. 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Mechanical factorsRead MoreNegative Effects Of Video Games Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesToday, one of the most frequently used forms of entertainment is video games. This is the past time of many people, including students. Video Games have even become a source of income for some people including game developers and some Yout ubers. Currently, there are numerous ways one can play these. However, there is a current stigma that playing these types of games always lead to something negative. Playing these games can only lead to the worsening of one’s physical health, the lowering of one’sRead MoreThe Effects Of Children After Parental Incarceration1302 Words   |  6 PagesA Literature Review: The Effects on Children After Parental Incarceration Prisons have been around for centuries and in many countries the prison population has grown quickly. The prisoners’ health, behavior and well-being have been focal points in many social concerns, however; incarceration goes beyond the prisoners’ experience. It touches employment after incarceration, social stigma, and families and communities that have been affected by incarceration, especially a child with incarcerated parentsRead MoreWhy Canada Needs A New Alcohol Strategy952 Words   |  4 PagesThe Globe and Mail’s article, â€Å"Why Canada needs a new alcohol strategy,† discusses the imposing threat alcohol has on Canadians. Marijuana and its harmful effect continue to be the topic of discussion amongst Canadians when in fact alcohol attracts the largest number of youth. Alcohol is a harmful substance that poses a greater threat to young Canadians than the likes of marijuana, prescription drugs and cigarettes. According to a 2012-13 Health Canada su rvey, 41 percent of grade 7 to grade 12 studentsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Banned?1241 Words   |  5 Pagesthe feeling of the cannabis high worth the academic and social side effects? This has been a question asked around many campuses across the state of Colorado. Ever since marijuana became legal in Colorado, it has become a hot topic on whether or not a college should allow their students to participate in the intake of cannabis products. College students and Universities as a whole are hindered by the availability and side effects of marijuana. Marijuana is â€Å"the common American term for the plantRead MoreHow Does Grades Help Students?856 Words   |  4 Pagescommonly used in schools, to rate and judge the performance of students within a certain subject, in an institution, such as high school, middle school, primary school. Thus grading judges how well the students are fare with the schools current method of teaching, and if the students are meeting the academic standards. Since grades are used from primary school, all the way up to the end of high school, how does grades effect the students, and do grades do more harm than good for the students? How does

Essay on Major Impacts of the American Revolution - 737 Words

The American Revolution was a war fought between Great Britain and the American colonies over independence from 1775 to 1783 which resulted in a fundamental change in American politics, society, and economics. The American Revolution began as a result of Great Britain taxing the colonies to cover the debts accumulated through the French and Indian War. While the majority of the colonies stayed loyal to their ‘Mother Land’, some of the colonist felt resentment toward England. Some colonist felt that England had no right to tax the colonies, while they had no representation in parliament. This created a divide within in the colonies between those who were in favor of independence-Patriots, and those who were still loyal to the Crown-†¦show more content†¦Some of them were crying out for paper currency, some for an equal distribution of property.’ Another debate that heated the colonies was the controversy over the future of agriculture in the colonies. Many thought that America should change into being dependent on commercial manufacturing, while others wanted to keep agriculture the main source of income. Document F shows the Medal of Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture. The symbolism in the medal is that Farming could be symbolized as the nation looking on into the future, suggesting abundance, fertility, and liberty. Socially, the War left many groups of people questioning their role in society. When the men went off to fight the war, the women were left to run the businesses and assume the positions their husbands left behind. Many women, such as Deborah Sampson and Molly Pitcher picked up their rifles fought alongside the men in the war (Document A). After the war, the women were left questioning their subordinate in society. Women were finding their worth, and slowly started to demand more rights. 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It stemmed from growing tensions between England’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government representing England, as well as cost sharing imposed on English colonies by successive governments in London for debts attributed to former wars (Foner, 2012). The â€Å"cost sharing† encompassed a variety of measures including taxation on goods produced in the colonies,Read MoreSecond Industrial Revolution Essay871 Words   |  4 Pages An Industrial Revolution is the â€Å"chan ge in social and economic organization that resulted from the replacement of the hand tools with machines and from the development of large-scale industrial production† (Danzer R50). The Second Industrial Revolution happened nearly one hundred years later after the First Industrial Revolution in England during the 1760s (Fagnilli 7). 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Corporate Authority Dealings With Officers -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Corporate Authority Dealings With Officers? Answer: Introducation Although a company is a legal person[1], it is an entity that is abstract in form and its capacity to contract can only be through natural persons actions.[2] By virtue of section 126 of the Corporations Act[3], a company possesses the power to enter into contracts through the agency of persons who are acting upon either the implied or express authority of the company. Accounting, contracts are only binding upon a company if they are entered into by agents who have the companys authority. Normally, parties to such contracts would seek to escape from liabilities that arise from the same. Therefore, it is important to establish that the persons acting as agents have ostensible or actual authority from the company for the contracts to be binding. The organic theory of company law largely governs these kinds of scenarios, which lie beyond the ambit of agency law. However, they draw from agency law. Michelle and Tim both sign a contract for the purchase of a motorbike with Michelle as director and Tim as company secretary. Michelle wants to opt out of the contract. The issue is whether the contract is binding upon Motorbikes Pty Limited. In most of the companies with multiple directors, the companies constitutions will confer upon the board of directors (collectively) with management powers. The actions of a single director with outsiders will usually not be binding on the company as he lacks implied actual authority.[4] By virtue of a mandatory rule contained in section 198E (1) of the Corporations Act, a proprietary company that has a single director or shareholder is conferred with all of that companys powers. The companys constitution can limit such sole directors actual authority where he is not the sole shareholder. This actual authority is lessened despite the wide powers conferred by section 198A. However, the individual director may possess implied authority to do what a sole director normally does in such a situation. The result is that the implied authority of such a sole director may be wider than their actual authority.[5] The authoritative pronunciation in the Panorama Developments case was that company secretaries are not merely clerks any longer but are considered to be companies officers with extensive responsibilities and duties.[6] In that case, chief administrative officer was the new term that was used to refer to company secretaries. Their authority is implied and they can represent the company in certain matters such as entering into contracts involving internal administration but not management of the companys daily business. In the celebrated case of Northside Developments Pty Ltd v Registrar-General, the Honourable Court held that the company secretarys position is conferred with implied actual authority. Such authority is for countersigning the affixed seal of the company and witnessing the fixation of the common seal. Motorbikes Pty Ltd is a proprietary company that has a single director, Michelle, who is the sole director, and a company secretary, Tim. The law confers upon Michelle as sole director all the powers of the company. Such power includes entering into contracts with outsiders. Tim, as company secretary, is also clothed with ample powers to sign contracts on behalf of the company under the law. The contract signed by Michelle and Tim on behalf of Motorbikes Pty Ltd for the purchase of a Motorbike is therefore binding upon the company. Gerard, who is listed as the director of Cakes Pty Ltd, signs, witnesses and stamps with the company seal a contract to buy a cake shop from George. Sylvia is the other witness to this transaction. George wants to back out of the transaction and the issue is whether he is bound by the contract. Section 129 (6) provides for the execution of documents with the company seal. It provides that an assumption may be made that a company duly executed a document if the common seal appears to have been affixed and the witnessing done according to the provisions of section 127 (2). This was the holding in the Belven case where the court held that the common seal must appear to be fixed.[7] For the assumption to be applicable, an outsider only needs to rely on the fact that the document was signed by the company officers. This was the holding in the MYT Engineering case.[8] In that case, the consent of the company was evidenced by the signature of the directors. In the case of re Efrons Tie Knitting Mills Pty Ltd[9] and in Mancini v Mancini[10], the Court held that a director of a company cannot attest to the taxation of a document in two different capacities. This holding as read with section 127 (2) requires two different directors to physically witness the signing of the seal. Howe ver, even where an outsider is aware that the companys constitution was not complied with during the affixing of the seal, he can still make an assumption that the sealing was done accordingly.[11] This was the position in the celebrated deciding of Equiticorp Finance Ltd v Bank of New Zealand.[12] With regard to the time of acknowledging an outsiders knowledge, it is at the time he enters in the contract.[13] The general rule is that a Principal is not bound by a contract in which an agent without authority entered as such a contract is absolutely void.[14] The Corporations Act makes provision for outsiders who correctly identify the officers of a company but incorrectly attribute their authority to transact. Sections 129 (2) and (3) provide for statutory assumptions where an outsider may assume that company officers who hold out as such or who are identified from the public record, have the implied authority that the position carries and are duly appointed. Section 201M further provides that mere defective appointments do not invalidate the acts of company officers. For outsiders dealing with officers, sections 198A and 198C are replaceable rules that confer actual authority to those officers. The company constitution also has a similar effect. It is important to note that by virtue of the Common Law doctrine of Constructive Notice, an outsider is expected to have knowledge of the compan ys constitution. The implication is that the outsider is deemed to have knowledge of any express limitations on the authority of company officers. Although this rule operated against outsiders dealing with companies, the rule in Turquands case provides outsiders acting in good faith with protections in presuming that a company acted within the powers of its constitution without inquiring into the internal management.[15] In some instances, even after reading the constitution of a company, it may not be apparent to an outsider whether an officer of a company operated within his authority. Section 127 (4) provides that section 127 does not limit the manner in which a company executes a document. The general rule is that where a director acts beyond the scope of the interests of the company, their authority of binding the company is affected.[16] The exception is where an outsider had knowledge of the fiduciary breach. Where an outsider knows the breach, then the effects of voidable contracts cannot be escaped even with assumptions of due execution. Since the contract was signed by Gerard the director and witnessed by Sylvia who was neither the director nor company secretary, George ought to have had knowledge of this fact. Provided that Gerard signed and witnessed the contract and Sylvia also witnessed, she held out as a person in authority. Hence, the contract is binding and George cannot opt out. References Belven Enterprises Pty Ltd v Lydham Pty Ltd (1996) 14 ACLC 1478 Brick and Pipe Industries Ltd v Occidental Life Nominees Pty Ltd (1991) 6 ACSR 464 at 476 Brick and Pipe Industries Ltd v Occidental Life Nominees Pty Ltd (1992) 10 ACLC 253 Equiticorp Finance Ltd v Bank of New Zealand (1993) 11 ACLC 952 Mancini v Mancini (1999) 17 ACLC 1570 MYT Engineering Pty Ltd v Mulcon Pty Ltd (1999) 17 ACLC 861, 864 National Australia Bank v Sparrow Green Pty Ltd (1999) 17 ACLC 1,665 Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd [1971] 2 QB 711 Re Efrons Tie Knitting Mills Pty Ltd [1932] VLR 8, 23 Rolled Steel Products (Holdings) Ltd v British Steel Corporation [1986] 1 Ch 246 Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856) 6 EB 327; 119 ER 886 Salomon v Salomon and Company Statutes The Corporations Act 2001, (Cth) Australia Books and Journals Baxter, C Ultra Vires and Agency Untwined (1970) vol. 28 Cambridge Law Journal 280 Ford H, Ford's Principles of Corporations Law, 10th ed (Australia: Butterworths 2001) Larelle Chapple and Phillip Lipton, Corporate Authority and Dealings with Officers and Agents, (Australia: CCH Australia Limited 2002) [1] Salomon v Salomon and Company [2] Larelle Chapple and Phillip Lipton, Corporate Authority and Dealings with Officers and Agents, (Australia: CCH Australia Limited 2002), p.1. [3] The Corporations Act 2001, (Cth) Australia. [4] See Brick and Pipe Industries Ltd v Occidental Life Management Pty Ltd (1991) 6 ACSR 464 at 476. [5] Ford H, Ford's Principles of Corporations Law, 10th ed (Australia: Butterworths 2001), p.658. [6] Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd [1971] 2 QB 711. [7] Belven Enterprises Pty Ltd v Lydham Pty Ltd (1996) 14 ACLC 1478. [8] MYT Engineering Pty Ltd v Mulcon Pty Ltd (1999) 17 ACLC 861, 864.

Self-reports in psychology Essay Example

Self-reports in psychology Paper Using examples, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the use of self-reports in psychology.  One of the strengths of using self-reports as a method of data collection in psychology is that, if we are to believe the cognitive approach, this is the only way in which we can extract information about the way a person thinks. To clinically interview a person, such as in Ellis’ study on Rational Analysis as a means of treating an affective disorder can provide important information about the individual that otherwise cannot be seen, as the cognitive approach believes that mental processes, or cognitions, are hypothetical constructs and the only way we can establish reasons for behaviour is to ask the individual themselves. Another strength of self-reports in psychology is that you can collect both quantitative and qualitative data from them. With the use of closed questions whereby predetermined answers are provided (multiple choice questionnaires, e.g. a Likert scale), researchers can collect quantified measurements of the number of people who chose a certain answer, like in Holmes Rà ¤he’s study of Life Changing Events, where the majority of participants rated the bereavement of a spouse/partner as the hardest thing to adjust to on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), giving in a collective rating of 100/100. With open questions however, there is room for elaboration, meaning the participants can explain and illustrate reasons behind their decision to, for example, strongly agree/disagree with a statement the questionnaire makes, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Self-reports in psychology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Self-reports in psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Self-reports in psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A weakness of the self report method however is the introduction of social desirability. In almost all studies on medical adherence there is a worry of social desirability affecting the answers. In Becker’s study into providing empirical evidence for the support of his Health Belief Model, he conducted self-reports on the mothers of asthmatic children and whether they stuck to their child’s prescribed regimens. It could be argued here that the mothers may have lied about their adherence to the regimen in order to make themselves appear a responsible mother who, regardless of interferences, gave their child their prescribed regimen of asthma medication. A further weakness of self-reports in psychology is that there is no real way of making self-reports ecologically valid as answering questionnaires about psychological research is not something humans regularly involve themselves with. In almost all studies, but particularly studies like Farrington, et al.’s into delinquent development, where ecological validity can be considered relatively high, the use of self-reports interviews during the participants development into an adult reduce the ecological validity as the participants had to be contacted and visited to conduct the interview, thus making self-reports’ ecological validity a limitation in psychology.